Potassium Channel Subunit Remodeling in Rabbits Exposed to Long-Term Bradycardia or Tachycardia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Sustained heart rate abnormalities produce electrical remodeling and susceptibility to arrhythmia. Uncontrolled tachycardia produces heart failure and ventricular tachyarrhythmia susceptibility, whereas bradycardia promotes spontaneous torsade de pointes (TdP). This study compared arrhythmic phenotypes and molecular electrophysiological remodeling produced by tachycardia versus bradycardia in rabbits. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated mRNA and protein expression of subunits underlying rapid (IKr) and slow (IKs) delayed-rectifier and transient-outward K+ currents in ventricular tissues from sinus rhythm control rabbits and rabbits with AV block submitted to 3-week ventricular pacing either at 60 to 90 bpm (bradypaced) or at 350 to 370 bpm (tachypaced). QT intervals at matched ventricular pacing rates were longer in bradypaced than tachypaced rabbits (eg, by approximately 50% at 60 bpm; P<0.01). KvLQT1 and minK mRNA and protein levels were downregulated in both bradypaced and tachypaced rabbits, whereas ERG was significantly downregulated in bradypaced rabbits only. Kv4.3 and Kv1.4 were downregulated by tachypacing only. Patch-clamp experiments showed that IKs was reduced in both but IKr was decreased in bradypaced rabbits only. Continuous monitoring revealed spontaneous TdP in 75% of bradypaced but only isolated ventricular ectopy in tachypaced rabbits. Administration of dofetilide (0.02 mg/kg) to mimic IKr downregulation produced ultimately lethal TdP in all tachypaced rabbits. CONCLUSIONS: Sustained tachycardia and bradycardia downregulate IKs subunits, but bradycardia also suppresses ERG/IKr, causing prominent repolarization delays and spontaneous TdP. Susceptibility of tachycardia/heart failure rabbits to malignant tachyarrhythmias is induced by exposure to IKr blockers. These results point to a crucial role for delayed-rectifier subunit remodeling in TdP susceptibility associated with rate-related cardiac remodeling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".