Neither gender nor menstrual cycle phase influences exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis in untrained subjects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lymphocyte apoptosis increases following maximal exercise. Estrogen hormones (E2) have been shown to protect lymphocytes from apoptosis in vitro, but it is unknown whether they can attenuate the apoptotic response to maximal exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of menstrual cycle variation on exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis in humans following exercise. Untrained healthy young men and regularly menstruating women not using hormonal contraceptives volunteered for the study. Women performed a maximal effort treadmill test for VO2 max once in the follicular phase (FOL) and once in the mid-luteal phase (ML) of their cycles. Men completed two VO2 max tests with periods of time between tests matched to those of the female subjects. Blood was collected before (PRE) and immediately after exercise (POST), and analyzed for apoptotic lymphocytes and estradiol. E2 concentrations in women were significantly greater during ML versus during FOL, both PRE and POST (p<0.0001). The percent of exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis was similar between women (23.2%+/-1.0%) and men (21.5%+/-0.4%). In women, the apoptotic response to maximal exercise was similar regardless of menstrual cycle phase (FOL=23.7%+/-0.9%, ML=22.7%+/-1.1%). Although elevated female sex hormones in vitro may exert anti-apoptotic effects, these data suggest that in vivo concentrations confer no protection to lymphocytes during exhaustive exercise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".