Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thin-walled composite-filled beams consist of a cold-formed open steel box section with an infill of concrete. The strength of such beams is limited by the compression buckling capacity of the steel plate at the top of the open box section. Enhancement of strength is possible by stiffening the compression steel plates at the open end of the box section with various modes of interface connections or strength-enhancement devices. In this paper, the effect of various strength-enhancement devices is correlated to the generation of shear bond between steel and concrete using both experimental and design-oriented analyses. Flexural capacity of such beams can be derived based on either yielding or buckling of steel depending on the generated steel–concrete interface shear bond simulating full or partial shear connections. Design equations are developed and their performance is validated through test results of 24 experimental beams with five different modes of strength-enhancement device. Design procedures for such beams are illustrated with calculated design examples. Such simple design procedures can be adopted in the actual design of thin-walled composite beams with various modes of strength-enhancement devices in practical applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".