Depth-specific patterns in benthicplanktonic food web relationships in Lake Superior
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In an investigation of the spatial characteristics of Laurentian Great Lakes food webs, we examined the trophic relationship between benthic amphipods (Diporeia) and plankton in Lake Superior. We analyzed the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of Diporeia and plankton at stations in water column depths of 4300 m. Neither δ 15 N nor δ 13 C of plankton from the upper 50 m of the water column varied significantly with station depth. Diporeia isotope ratios exhibited depth-specific patterns reflecting changes in food sources and food web relationships with plankton. Diporeia was 13 C enriched at station depths of <40 m, reflecting increased dietary importance of benthic algae. There was a systematic increase in Diporeia δ 15 N with depth, which appeared to result from a combination of dietary shifts in the nearshore and decompositional changes in Diporeia's principal food, sedimented plankton, in deep habitats. Diporeia δ 13 C and δ 15 N together described changes in food web isotope baseline with depth. They also discriminated three depth strata representing photic, mid-depth, and profundal zones. These findings have implications for our understanding of Great Lakes food webs and analyses of trophic position within them, the ecology of zoobenthos and plankton communities, and sampling designs for large lakes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".