Effect of estradiol on striatal dopamine activity of female hemiparkinsonian monkeys
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A higher prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease is observed in men, and beneficial motor effects of estrogens are observed in parkinsonian women. In rodents, an effect of estradiol on dopamine systems is documented, whereas much less is known in monkeys. Enkephalin was shown to exert a compensatory modulatory effect on the denervated dopamine nigrostriatal pathway in monkeys and in humans. Moreover in rodents, striatal preproenkephalin mRNA is increased by estrogen treatment. Hence, we investigated the responsiveness of striatal dopamine to estradiol in long-term ovariectomized monkeys bearing a unilateral lesion with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to mimic parkinsonian postmenopausal women. Seven ovariectomized female monkeys received a unilateral MPTP lesion; 4 years after ovariectomy, three received 1-month treatment with 17beta-estradiol and the others received vehicle. The lesioned striata showed extensive denervation in all monkeys as measured with dopamine and metabolite concentrations assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography and by autoradiography of the dopamine transporter. The lesioned and intact striata of estradiol-treated monkeys had increased 3-methoxytyramine, and lesioned putamen increased dopamine concentrations compared with vehicle-treated monkeys. Estradiol treatment increased the dopamine transporter in subregions of the intact caudate and putamen compared with the intact striata of vehicle-treated monkeys, but not in the lesioned striata. Preproenkephalin mRNA levels measured by in situ hybridization were increased in the lesioned striata of vehicle treated monkeys and were not further enhanced in estradiol-treated monkeys. These results show that long after ovariectomy, modeling postmenopausal hormonal conditions, brain dopamine metabolism, and transporter are still responsive to estradiol.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".