New Method for Identification of Blue Topaz—An Application of Cathodoluminescence(CL)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Blue colored topaz is the most commercialized gemstone worldwide at present. Very rare in nature, most of thesetopazes are treated by laboratory irradiation with gamma ray, neutron or electron, or in combination with them eversince more than 30 years ago. Knowledge about the origin of the blue color in topazes is not well understood, and amethod to identify blue topaz nondestructively is a worldwide problem.In this research, the tested samples were natural blue, colorless topazes and irradiated blue topazes which were firstlytested by using UV lamp (????=365, 254nm). Results showed that the UV fluorescence of the natural blue topazes rangedfrom very strong to very weak, while those of the irradiated blue topazes were always very weak or even nofluorescence. Based on the UV fluorescence testing, their cathodoluminescence(CL) characteristics were studiedemphasisly by using CL-2 cathodoluminescence spectroscope produced by Gemmological Institute of CUG andUSB2000 CCD multi-channel spectroscope produced by Ocean Optics, U.S. For this study, CL spectra was acquired atan accelerating voltage of 9.5~10.5 kV, a 0.95~1.05 mA beam current, and entrance and exit slit widths of 4 mm.Results indicated that the maximum of the broad emission bands of all the topazes were always at approximately 500nm with a side band at approximately 492 nm, and CL of natural blue topazes was the strongest (about 40~50 counts),followed by the natural colorless topazes (about 20~30 counts) and the irradiated blue topazes(less than 15 counts), only1/3 of the natural blue topazes. Therefore, CL characteristics could be used to separate the natural blue topaz from theirradiated blue topazes rapidly and nondestructively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".