Distribution and interannual variation of winter phytoplankton blooms northwest of Luzon Islands from satellite observations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phytoplankton blooms often occur in the offshore region northwest of Luzon Islands in winter. Using remote sensing data, including sea-surface temperature, monthly-mean mixed layer depth (MLD), wind speed (SP), and SeaWiFS-derived chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) data from September 1997 to February 2007, we investigate the spatial and interannual variation of the winter phytoplankton in the region along with in situ GTS (the Global Telecommunications System) XBT (Expendable Bathythermograph) data and climatological nitrate and temperature observations from World Ocean Atlas 2005. The results clearly show high winter phytoplankton biomass (i.e. Chl-a) and its interannual variation in the region. The lower Chl-a concentrations (∼0.2 mg m−3) appeared often in winters (e.g. 1997 and 1998) when there was weaker wind speed, Ekman pumping velocity (EPV) and entrainment velocity (EV), and shallower MLD; conversely higher Chl-a (>0.5 mg m−3) appeared in winters (e.g. 2001 and 2003) when there was higher subsurface temperature, stronger wind speed, EPV and EV, and deeper MLD. It is thought that wind-induced upwelling (Ekman pumping) and entrainment mixing may be important factors leading to the high winter Chl-a, and the wind speed and wind stress curl were good indicators of higher Chl-a; the positive correlation between subsurface temperature (and MLD) and Chl-a represented more warm water intrusion from the Northwest Pacific Ocean into the region in the higher Chl-a years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".