Differential Role of TLR- and RLR-Signaling in the Immune Responses to Influenza A Virus Infection and Vaccination
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The innate immune system recognizes influenza A virus via TLR 7 or retinoic acid-inducible gene I in a cell-type specific manner in vitro, however, physiological function(s) of the MyD88- or interferon-beta promoter stimulator 1 (IPS-1)-dependent signaling pathways in antiviral responses in vivo remain unclear. In this study, we show that although either MyD88- or IPS-1-signaling pathway was sufficient to control initial antiviral responses to intranasal influenza A virus infection, mice lacking both pathways failed to show antiviral responses, resulting in increased viral load in the lung. By contrast, induction of B cells or CD4 T cells specific to the dominant hemagglutinin or nuclear protein Ags respectively, was strictly dependent on MyD88 signaling, but not IPS-1 signaling, whereas induction of nuclear protein Ag-specific CD8 T cells was not impaired in the absence of either MyD88 or IPS-1. Moreover, vaccination of TLR7- and MyD88-deficient mice with inactivated virus failed to confer protection against a lethal live virus challenge. These results strongly suggest that either the MyD88 or IPS-1 signaling pathway is sufficient for initial antiviral responses, whereas the protective adaptive immune responses to influenza A virus are governed by the TLR7-MyD88 pathway.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it