Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article explores local manifestations of ‘Islamism’ in the one-time princely kingdom of Chitral, in northern Pakistan. Chitral's former princely family continues to exert significant political influence in the region today, whilst court-derived forms of status distinction alongside newer expressions of class difference are of central importance to Chitrali social life. Many Chitrali ‘men of piety’ (dashmanan) are critical about the continued power of the princes and claim that only they can deliver ‘simple’ Chitralis from the unIslamic legacies of their feudal past. Yet Chitrali Muslims reflect upon and engage with the Islamising messages of the dashmanan in multidimensional ways that are not defined instrumentally by the region's shifting system of status hierarchy alone. In particular, the vocal styles of Chitral's politically active dashmanan are widely said by Chitrali Muslims to reflect their animalistic and unrefined emotional dispositions. By exploring the ways in which this dynamic and locally contested theory is deployed by Chitralis to evaluate the behaviour of the dashmanan, I seek to furnish new insights into the shaping of local expressions of ‘Islamism’ in Pakistan and elsewhere in South Asia today.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".