Are known biomarkers for asthma present in early infancy?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Exhaled nitric oxide (FE NO ) is a biomarker for eosinophilic airway inflammation [ 1 ]. Elevated FE NO has been proposed as a marker for diagnosing asthma and predicting asthma exacerbations [ 2 ]. We wished to examine the association between known asthma risk factors and FE NO . A sub cohort of children (n=222) participating in the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) study underwent infant pulmonary function tests (IPFTs) during the first year of life. Risk factors were obtained from a subset of available CHILD questionnaires administered prenatally and 3 times during the first year of life. FE NO was collected using a multiple-breath sampling technique during quiet tidal breathing at the 3 month visit, 1 year visit, or both visits. Prenatal smoke exposure was defined as any maternal smoking, including mothers who stopped or cut down on smoking during pregnancy. Postnatal smoke exposure was defined as any exposure in or away from the home up to 1 year of age. Parental asthma was defined as self-reported or doctor diagnosed asthma. Parental atopic status was confirmed by allergy skin tests. T-tests with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons were used to compare FE NO in the exposed and unexposed groups (α=0.004). At the 3 month visit, 134 infants attended the IPFT lab, and 84 of 117 attempted eNO tests were successfully analyzed; mean FE NO was 16.8±8.1ppb. At the 1 year visit, 181 infants attended the IPFT lab and 138 of 158 attempted eNO tests were successfully analyzed; mean FE NO was 15.3±9.7ppb. Prenatal smoking rates were low (3% and 6%) and showed no association with FE NO (Table 1 ). Postnatal smoke exposure was also not associated with FE NO . FE NO was not statistically different in infants whose mothers or fathers had a history of asthma or atopic status, compared to those without. Having siblings was not significantly associated with FE NO after applying the Bonferroni correction. Smoke exposure was not related to FE NO , however no nicotine biomarker was assessed and smoking rates were low. Maternal and paternal histories were not associated with FE NO levels in healthy children up to 1 year of age. None of the risk factors were statistically significantly associated with FE NO , however infants with siblings were observed to have a lower FE NO than infants without siblings at the 1 year visit. A larger sample size is required to increase the power of these tests. Further factors must be studied to explain the variation in FE NO measures seen.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".