Acid and Bile‐Salt Stress of Enteropathogenic<i>Escherichia coli</i>Enhances Adhesion to Epithelial Cells and Alters Glycolipid Receptor Binding Specificity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), a diarrheagenic pathogen, is exposed to stress during ingestion, and yet little is known about the impact of stress on EPEC-host cell adhesion. METHODS: EPEC adhesion to human epithelial cells was assessed by plate-count assay before and after bacterial stress. Stress treatments included exposure to low pH (with or without acid adaptation) and exposure to physiological concentrations of 4 intestinal bile salts. Expression of bacterial adhesins after stress was assessed by immunoblot and flow-cytometric analysis. Bacteria-lipid binding was determined by thin-layer chromatography overlay assay. RESULTS: Brief low-pH stress (with or without acid adaptation) and bile-salt stress resulted in significantly increased EPEC-host cell adhesion. Erythromycin pretreatment eliminated the adhesion enhancement, suggesting that protein synthesis was required. Immunoblot and flow-cytometric analysis indicated little change in expression of known adhesins after either stress. However, we found increased surface expression of a heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) on acid-shocked EPEC, and pretreatment with anti-Hsp70 eliminated the adhesion enhancement after acid stress. Acid shock also correlated with increased binding to sulfogalactosylceramide, a putative receptor for other pathogens after stress. CONCLUSIONS: Acid/bile-salt stress of EPEC significantly enhances adhesion to host cells, and a novel adhesin-receptor pair may play a role in the adhesion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".