Level of Glutathione is Regulated by ATP-Dependent Ligation of Glutamate and Cysteine through Photosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana: Mechanism of Strong Interaction of Light Intensity with Flowering
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is associated with flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana, but how GSH biosynthesis is regulated to control the transition to flowering remains to be elucidated. Since the key reaction of GSH synthesis is catalyzed by gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-ECS) and all the gamma-ECS cDNAs examined contained extra sequences for plastid targeting, we investigated the relationships among GSH levels, photosynthesis and flowering. The GSH level in Arabidopsis increased with the light intensity. The ch1 mutants defective in a light-harvesting antenna in photosystem II showed reduced GSH levels with accumulation of the GSH precursor cysteine, and introduction of the gamma-ECS gene GSH1 under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (35S-GSH1) into the ch1 mutant altered the GSH level in response to the gamma-ECS mRNA level. These indicate that photosynthesis limits the gamma-ECS reaction to regulate GSH biosynthesis. Like the glutathione-biosynthesis-defective cad2-1 mutant, the ch1 mutants flowered late under weak-light conditions, and this late-flowering phenotype was rescued by supplementation of GSH. Introduction of the 35S-GSH1 construct into the ch1 mutant altered flowering in response to the gamma-ECS mRNA and GSH levels. These findings indicate that flowering in A. thaliana is regulated by the gamma-ECS reaction of GSH synthesis that is coupled with photosynthesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".