Simulation of ductile crack propagation and determination of CTOAs in pipeline steels using cohesive zone modelling
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This paper presents recent results of numerical studies on stable crack extension of high toughness steels typical of those in modern gas pipelines using cohesive zone modelling (CZM). The main focus of the work is on the determination of crack‐tip opening angles (CTOAs) of these steels from CZM. Two sets of materials are modelled. The first material set models a typical structural steel, with variable toughness described by four traction–separation (TS) laws. The second set models an X70 pipe steel, with three different TS laws. For each TS law, there are three defining parameters: the maximum cohesive strength, the final separation and the work of separation. The specimens analysed include a crack in an infinite plate (small‐scale yielding, SSY) and a standard drop‐weight tear test (DWTT). Fracture propagation characteristics and values of CTOA are obtained from these two types of specimens. It is shown that cohesive zone models can be successfully used to simulate ductile crack propagation and to numerically measure CTOAs. The ductile crack propagation characteristics and CTOAs obtained from SSY and DWTT specimens are compared for each set of steels. In addition, the CTOA results from numerical CZM of DWTT specimens of X70 steel are compared with those from laboratory tests.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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