A new wide dynamic range CMOS pulse-frequency-modulation digital image sensor with in-pixel variable reference voltage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper proposes a new pulse-frequency-modulation (PFM) digital pixel sensor (DPS) with an in-pixel variable reference voltage generator to increase the resolution of the pixel, especially when the level of illumination is low. The proposed PFM DPS offers the attractive characteristics of a reduced integration time when the level of illumination is low, reduced complexity of routing and silicon cost, and comparable fill factor as that of conventional PFM DPS, however, with a significantly improved dynamic range. The proposed digital image sensor is implemented in TSMC-0.18 mum 1.8 V CMOS technology and validated using Spectre with BSIM3V3 device models. Simulation results demonstrate that the PFM digital pixel has a dynamic range of 150 dB when integration time is set to 60 mus, approximately 70 dB more than the conventional PFM digital pixel sensors.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".