Higher expression of connexin 40 in human atrial tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes who have undergone a coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Although cardiac-related mortality rates are declining for the general population in the United States, this is not the case for patients with diabetes. Diabetes is a significant independent predictor of atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common cardiac rhythm disturbance responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality. Objectives: This research was designed to evaluate properties of the atrial tissue between patients with and without type 2 diabetes. Heart rate variability (HRV) indices were calculated and expression of Kv1.5, connexin 43 (Cx43), and 40 (Cx40) were compared. Methods: Patients undergoing a CABG were enrolled: 10 with type 2 diabetes and 8 without diabetes, paired for age, gender and co-morbidities such as hypertension and dyslipidemia. All patients showed normal ejection fraction. A sample of right auricular appendix was taken during CABG and Kv1.5, Cx40 and Cx43 protein contents were determined by western blotting and normalized to α-tubulin level. Results: No HRV difference was found between patients with and without diabetes. Cx43 and Kv1.5 levels were unaffected by diabetes (p=0.20 and 0.07, respectively) whe- reas Cx40 content was significantly increased by 55% (p=0.02). Levels of Cx43 phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms were non-significantly decreased in patients with diabetes. Conclusion: Patients with type 2 diabetes had higher expression of Cx40 in the right auricular appendix tissue. In light of other studies having demonstrated a link between AF and Cx40 expression, it is possible that higher prevalence of AF in patients with diabetes is explained, at least partially, by differential expression of gap-junction proteins.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".