Detection and characterization of novel flaviviruses from Southeast Asia: their potential role in human health
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: With the emergence and re-emergence of arthropod-borne diseases throughout the world, it is critical to be able to detect arthropod-transmitted pathogens in a timely manner. Standardized field-diagnostic protocols for identifying arthropod-borne pathogens within any given region of the world are indispensable tools for obtaining real-time information for health-care providers and preventive medicine specialists in field settings. Throughout the last decade, vector surveillance groups from around the world have identified multiple viruses that seem to only infect mosquitoes. These mosquito flaviviruses (also termed Aedes and Culex flaviviruses: CxFVs) have been found in the United States, Canada, China, Italy, Trinidad, Uganda, Mexico, Vietnam, and Brazil. Three of the more recent virus isolations were identified from Finland (Lammi virus), Cote d’Ivoire (Nounané virus), and Canada and the U.S. (Calbertado virus).. Methods: From 2001 to 2011, we conducted field studies in Thailand to evaluate newly developed field assays and equipment sets. Mosquito pools were screened using RT-PCR and resulted in the identification of 53 potential insect-only flaviviruses isolated from the mosquito genera: Anopheles, Aedes, Armigeres, Coquillettidia, Mansonia, Uranotaenia, and Culex species. Results: From the 2011 study: nine CxFVs, two Wang Thong viruses, and two Quang Binh viruses were detected and isolated from seven different mosquito species. Five additional viruses were detected and were partially sequenced and were found to be only 77.1% to 83.1% homologous to their closest matches. Phylogenetic analysis of the five unidentified viruses revealed that they belonged to two different clades, closest in proximity to QBV, but may be distal enough to be novel Flavivirus species. Conclusion: The role of insect flaviviruses in the fitness of the mosquito and its ability to vector other viruses has yet to be determined. These insect flaviviruses may also pose issues for those involved in developing diagnostic assays because they may cross-react with viruses of medical importance, resulting in false positives. Additional studies of these viruses are needed to determine their role in animal and human health and to better understand their role in nature. The phylogenetic relationships among these viruses, their mosquito hosts, and their possible role in causing human disease will be presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".