Making a Living: African Canadian Workers in London, Ontario, 1861-1901
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is a growing body of research on African Canadians in the 19th century that touches on their experiences in the workforce. Nonetheless, the literature has been largely silent on how labour market opportunities for African Canadians altered over time and, in particular, how members of this community fared with the slow, but nonetheless dramatic, rise of an industrial-capitalist economy. This study uses census data to explore the occupational experiences of African Canadians living in London, Ontario, between 1861 and 1901. Findings suggest that labour market opportunities were better for men of African origins around mid-century but declined noticeably in the succeeding years. African Canadians of both genders were largely excluded from growth areas in the economy, and their labour was highly concentrated in a narrow range of low-skill jobs. Although there is limited evidence of upward occupational mobility over time for some, and a slight broadening of occupational opportunities by 1901, African Canadian men and women were disadvantaged compared to their white counterparts. Abstract: A l'heure actuelle, on fait davantage de recherche sur les Canadiens d'origine africaine au 19e siecle qui touche a leur experience au travail. Neanmoins, la documentation traite rarement la facon dont les possibilites sur le marche du travail ont change pour les Canadiens d'origine africaine et, en particulier, la facon dont les membres de cette communaute ont reussi dans une economie industrielle et capitaliste en croissance lente, mais toutefois dramatique. Cette etude se sert des donnees du recensement pour explorer l'experience professionnelle des Canadiens d'origine africaine qui vivent a London, Ontario, entre 1861 et 1901. Les resultats suggerent que les possibilites sur le marche du travail etaient meilleures pour les homes d'origine africaine au milieu du siecle mais ont diminue de facon remarquable dans les annees subsequentes. La plupart des Canadiens d'origine africaine des deux sexes n'ont pas profite de la croissance economique et leur travail s'est hautement concentre sur une gamme etroite d'emplois peu specialises. Bien qu'il y ait quelque preuve de mobilite professionnelle ascendante et un leger elargissement de possibilites d'emploi en 1901, les femmes et les hommes canadiens d'origine africaine ont ete desavantages par rapport a leurs homologues blancs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".