Bibliographic record
Abstract
Though it is generally thought that judges are not well suited to make determinations about an individual’s membership in a particular community, in some cases the court’s decision will inevitably involve a cultural community’s rules of membership. These cases raise multi-layered constitutional questions, as issues of religious and associative freedom must sometimes be considered alongside issues of discrimination. In this article, I identify patterns in the judicial strategies for dealing with the double-edged problems sometimes posed by group membership rules and practices. I will canvas three such strategies (1) Group-based Autonomy, (2) Group-based Autonomy with Procedural Conditions, and (3) Substantive Engagement with Membership Norms. Analyzing judicial decisions in this fashion inspires the search for alternative strategies where the existing approaches are unsatisfying. I argue that when courts are able to stay more closely within the limits of the “procedural conditions” approach, they can generally avoid the difficult position of deliberating on a cultural or religious norm, for which judges have neither the appropriate expertise nor the proper status in the relevant community. When this approach proves unworkable because of the particular membership rules in issue, I argue for an alternative strategy, inspired by the writings of Ayelet Shachar, that re-imagines state-community relationships as power-sharing arrangements.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.036 | 0.086 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.056 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.016 | 0.013 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".