Novel strategy using live non-pathogenic Leishmania expressing selected parasite antigens as a candidate vaccine for leishmaniasis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Leishmania are intracellular protozoa which are transmitted to their mammalian host by the bite of infected sand flies and cause a group of diseases known as Leishmaniasis.Despite attempting different vaccination strategies, no human vaccine is yet available against this disease.There is increasing evidence that presence of a small number of live parasites is necessary to maintain durable immunity, and the only way to meet this requirement is by using attenuated live vaccines [1].The main obstacle about attenuated live strains is the risk of reversion of the organism to its virulent state.Another approach to reach this strategy is to use nonpathogenic Leishmania such as L. tarentolae.This parasite is lizard parasite and has never been found associated with any leishmaniasis in humans and is considered as non-pathogenic to humans.Previous studies have shown that L. tarentolae can be used as a live vaccine against L. donovani and elicit a protective Th1 immune response [2].Recently, by comparative genomic analysis and expression profiles of well-characterized virulence factors such as GP63, CPB, LPG3, Amastin and A2 between pathogenic Leishmania species (e.g.L. major, L. infantum and L. braziliensis) and non pathogenic L. tarentolae revealed that only A2 is absent at the level of DNA [3].A recombinant L. tarentolae expressing the A2 protein was generated and its potential as a live vaccine against L. infantum infection in BALB/c mice was examined [4].The A2 expressing recombinant parasites showed higher macrophage infectivity in comparison to L. tarentolae used as a control.Immunization (i.v.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".