A 19 dBm, 15 Gbaud, 9 bit SOI CMOS Power-DAC Cell for High-Order QAM W-Band Transmitters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A mm-wave I-Q power-DAC is reported at W-band. The circuit, which is fabricated in a 45 nm SOI CMOS technology, employs a series-stacked Gilbert-cell output stage with gate finger geometry segmentation to directly modulate a 85-95 GHz carrier. The Gilbert-cell provides phase inversion and 7 bits for ASK envelope modulation, each of which can be switched at speeds up to 15 Gb/s. A ninth bit turns the entire DAC cell on and off at 15 Gb/s, as needed to create an arbitrary 15 Gbaud QAM constellation in a symmetrical 4×4 I-Q power-DAC transmitter array, with free-space power combining and antenna-level segmentation. The measured output power and PAE of the I or Q DAC cells are 19 dBm and 8.9%, respectively. Three effective bits of amplitude resolution and one phase bit are estimated from the small-signal S-parameter measurements in the 80-95 GHz range. The envelope amplitude resolution reduces to only two effective bits under saturated output power operation. The OOK bit provides over 45 dB of measured attenuation and dynamic range, relative to the peak output power.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".