Fetal and neonatal nicotine exposure and postnatal glucose homeostasis: identifying critical windows of exposure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fetal and lactational exposure to nicotine at concentrations comparable with those in women who smoke causes impaired glucose tolerance in male offspring in postnatal life. It remains unknown whether there are critical windows of susceptibility to nicotine exposure. Female nulliparous Wistar rats were given saline vehicle or nicotine bitartrate (1 mg/kg per day) prior to pregnancy, which was then: A) discontinued during pregnancy and lactation; B) continued until parturition; C) continued until weaning; and D) discontinued during pregnancy and restarted from lactation until weaning. At 26 weeks of age, offspring in each group were challenged with an oral glucose load. Beta-cell mass, apoptosis, and proliferation were measured at birth, and at 4 and 26 weeks of age. The animals in group C (exposed to nicotine throughout pregnancy and lactation) had reduced beta-cell mass from birth through 26 weeks of age and impaired glucose homeostasis at 26 weeks of age. beta-Cell mass was also reduced at birth and at 4 weeks of age in animals exposed to nicotine during pregnancy alone (group B). However, enhanced proliferation following weaning led to recovery of this defect to 98% of control levels by week 26. The response to the glucose load in groups A, B, and D did not differ from controls. Continued exposure to nicotine from conception through lactation results in permanent beta-cell loss and subsequent impaired glucose tolerance. This model of type 2 diabetes requires that nicotine exposure occurs both in utero and during lactation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".