Influence of past forestry practices on western spruce budworm defoliation and associated impacts in southern British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, is a native defoliator of interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) forests in British Columbia. Repeated budworm defoliation causes tree mortality, reduction in growth rates, and reduced lumber quality. Eight hundred and fifteen (815) plots were established between 1992 and 2002 throughout chronically defoliated areas, and areas which until recently had never been defoliated, to assess defoliation and impact (growth reduction, top kill, tree mortality) in the Southern Interior of British Columbia. Stands within the Interior Douglas-fir (IDF) biogeoclimatic zone were most susceptible and suffered the greatest amount of chronic budworm activity. The driest, hottest ecosystems predominated by Douglas-fir had the greatest number of consecutive years of defoliation, as well as more frequent defoliation events (total years defoliation). Multi-storied stands with chronic budworm activity had on average 50% fewer Douglas-fir trees per hectare than stands with few or no budworm defoliation events. The understorey component (0.1–7.4 cm dbh and > 1.3 m height) of multi-storied and selectively harvested stands suffered substantial defoliation, often followed by tree mortality, due to intensive budworm feeding. Young, thinned stands and stands that had never been harvested suffered the least impact from budworm defoliation. In conclusion, changes in stand structure through harvesting have influenced the susceptibility of Douglas-fir to the western spruce budworm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".