Bibliographic record
Abstract
The addition of Congo red (CR) dye to diluted raw skim milk resulted in a red shift indicative of the presence of fibril-like structures. Thioflavin T (ThT) is another dye that very specifically binds to protein fibrils, and when added to undiluted raw skim milk, the classic 485 nm fluorescence peak of a ThT-fibril complex was observed. Repeating these experiments with various raw milk components showed that the CR red shift and ThT fluorescence peak were due to the presence of casein micelles, and to a lesser extent, sodium caseinate. Fluorescent peaks were also observed when ThT was added to solutions of purified alpha(S)- and kappa-casein, but not beta-casein, in 0.5 M HEPES buffer (pH = 6.8). The addition of 25 mM Ca(2+) had no effect on beta-casein fluorescence, and significantly reduced the kappacasein peak. However, adding 25 mM Ca(2+) to alpha(S)-casein produced a turbid solution and a 6-fold increase in fluorescence, indicating that the aggregates formed contain fibril-like structure. Casein micelle images obtained by transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of short (7 to 10 nm) fibers cross-linked by dense aggregate junction zones. The observed fibers closely resemble protofibrils, intermediate structures that are observed during the formation of amyloid fibrils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".