Transmission ratio distortion in families from the Framingham Heart Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: One implicit assumption in most linkage analysis is that live-born siblings unselected for a phenotype do not share alleles greater than the Mendelian expectation at any particular locus. However, since most families are recruited for genetic studies because of the presence of disease, there is little data available to confirm that this is the case. We hypothesized that loci that behave in a non-Mendelian fashion could be identified using genotype data from the Framingham Heart Study families. We tested the hypothesis that live-born sibs, either stratified by or irrespective of gender, demonstrate excess sharing of alleles on the autosomes, i.e., transmission ratio distortion. Multipoint linkage analysis of siblings either according to gender or not was performed using an allele-sharing method. Such observations may have implications for the mapping of loci for complex disease and quantitative traits in human pedigrees. RESULTS: No results that reached genome-wide significance were observed. However, four regions demonstrated excess sharing of alleles at p < 0.002 when sibships were stratified by gender-three of which were present in males. Of note, a female-specific locus co-localized with region that is linked to mean systolic blood pressure in the same families. In addition, three other regions demonstrated excess sharing of alleles in sibships irrespective of gender, including a region on chromosome 10p14-p15 (p = 7.5 x 10(-4)). CONCLUSION: Although no loci meeting genome-wide significance were detected to demonstrate transmission ratio distortion, loci with suggestive evidence for linkage were detected. These may have implications for the mapping of susceptibility loci for complex disease in human pedigrees.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".