Delineation of brain metastases on CT images for planning radiosurgery: concerns regarding accuracy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Conformal radiotherapy requires confidence that the images used for target delineation accurately reflect the pathological dimensions of the target. Radiosurgery, which is a conformal radiotherapy technique, is often used to treat brain metastases. The images of brain metastases can be affected by the method of image acquisition. A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of delay on CT images of brain metastases selected for radiosurgical treatment. A median delay from contrast administration of 65 min resulted in an increase in the volume of the metastases in 86% of cases when compared with the volumes of the same metastases determined from CT images acquired immediately following the administration of contrast medium. The magnitude of the increase in volume was sufficient to cause radiosurgery planners to select larger collimator sizes for radiosurgery plans based on the delayed CT images in 92% of cases. No significant intraobserver or interobserver variation was found in the group of radiosurgery planners. Differences in image acquisition may account in part for the differences in local control reported in the radiosurgical treatment of brain metastases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".