Lectotypification of <i>Paralia sulcata</i> and description of <i>P. obscura</i> sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from the Ehrenberg Collection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sediment samples originally collected in Oran, Algeria and later dated to the Miocene from the Ehrenberg Collection were examined for specimens of Paralia sulcata(Ehrenberg) Cleve. Two morphologically distinct entities fitting the currently widely used definition of the species were found. In this material, they were easily segregated by the morphology of fenestrae and several other, more subtle characters. Consistent with Ehrenberg's illustrations, the valves with ‘open fenestrae’ and a 1:1 ratio of fenestrae to marginal linking spines were designated as P. sulcata and a mica slide preparation from the Ehrenberg Collection was designated as a lectotype for the species. An emended circumscription of P. sulcata using specimens examined under electron microscopy was presented. Other striking morphological characters in P. sulcata valves included the rimoportula internal opening underneath the lip of the mantle edge, the marked external aperture of rimoportulae and the slits of the cingulum located at the edge of each band. Valves with ‘obscured fenestrae’ and a 2:1 ratio of fenestrae to marginal linking spines are designated here as P. obscura MacGillivary sp. nov.. The morphology of P. sulcata presented here is compared with those of contemporary and fossil specimens attributed to P. sulcata sensu lato and a few other, similar, previously described Paralia species, most importantly the contemporary species with open fenestrae, P. fenestrata Sawai & Nagumo. It is hoped this will facilitate a clearer understanding of Ehrenberg's concept of P. sulcata for future taxonomic studies of this genus.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".