Bioaccumulation of trace metals in marine and estuarine amphipods: evaluation and verification of toxicokinetic models
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The suitability of the marine and estuarine gammaridean amphipods Gammarus locustra (Linneaus 1758), Gammarus zaddachi Sexton (1912), and Gammarus salinus Spooner (1947) from the Island of Heligoland and the Weser and Ems estuaries, northwestern Germany, as biomonitors was tested in a toxicokinetic study with the elements Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Hg. The organisms responded with metal uptake upon exposure, and it was possible to estimate parameters of two-compartment or logistic regression models that were statistically different from zero. In most cases, the toxicokinetic models obtained were successfully verified in a second toxicokinetic uptake study for Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd. Data for Cd were additionally verified with previously reported kinetic parameters. Results for Hg indicate that the organisms tested may not be suitable as biomonitors for this element. The calibration of gammarids as biomonitors was extended in a third toxicokinetic uptake study for Cu and Pb showing a linear increase from the control level to external waterborne metal exposures of 240 µg Cu·L-1 and 60 µg Pb·L-1, while Zn tended to level off above 120 µg·L-1 and Cd above 10 µg·L-1. These figures largely determine the range for which the models may serve as a predictive tool.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".