Determining Rational Redundancy of 500-kV Reactors in Transmission Systems Using a Probability-Based Economic Analysis Approach: BCTC's Practice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a methodology to determine a rational redundancy level of power system equipment based on a coordination among the electric energy market information, the total transfer capability (TTC) in the transmission system and the estimation of random equipment failures. The proposed approach includes the models of unavailability due to both repairable and aging failures of equipment, the calculation method of two discrete statistical distributions representing energy prices and export powers, and a probabilistic benefit/cost analysis technique. An actual example of 500-kV reactors at British Columbia Transmission Corporation (BCTC) has been given to demonstrate the procedure of the application. The results indicate that the redundancy level determined using this approach not only enables the utility to avoid possible losses in the income from energy sales and improves the profile of system TTC but also guarantees a high benefit/cost ratio in a financial justification of redundant equipment addition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".