Removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from high DOC and hardness water by chemical coagulation – relative importance of monomeric, polymeric and colloidal aluminum species
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanism of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) removal from water with high alkalinity and DOC, typical in the Canadian Prairie, by three aluminum based coagulants: aluminum sulphate (alum), polyaluminum chloride (PACl), and aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH). Our focus is to discern the role of aluminum species: Ala, Alb, and Alc to explain the performance of these coagulants in the removal of DOC. Removal of organic compounds is quantified by measurement of DOC, DOC fractions, and UV254.Results show that coagulation with alum at pH of 6.0 achieves highest DOC removal attributed to the highest content of in situ formed polymeric species (Alb). At pH adjusted to 7 and 8 ACH shows the highest content of Alb and consequently better removal of DOC compared to alum and PACl. When no pH adjustment is applied, coagulation with ACH achieves the highest DOC and UV removal, because of the highest concentration of Alb and Alc species in the solution.Trihalomethane Formation Potential (THMFP) of the water after the application of coagulation has also been studied. Water coagulated with alum shows the lowest trihalomethane formation potential (94.7 μg L−1 T) in comparison to the raw water (202.4 μg L−1) followed by ACH and PACl. This can be related to the coagulant effectiveness in reduction of hydrophobic acid (HPOA) as the main precursor for THMs formation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it