Change in leachate chemistry and porosity as leachate permeates through tire shreds and gravel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rubber tire shreds are an attractive potential alternative to conventional gravel in the drainage layer of leachate collection systems at the base of landfills, yet the clogging and thus the long-term performance of tire shreds in this application is not known. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into the clogging potential of rubber tire shreds used as part of a leachate collection system at the base of a landfill when permeated with leachate. Experimental columns filled with two different rubber tire shreds and a conventional gravel drainage material were used to study the spatial and temporal variation of leachate characteristics and porosity changes within the drainage materials. It is shown that there are significant differences in the pore structures of the drainage materials and that these differences affect clog development and the length of time it takes for the hydraulic conductivity to drop below a threshold of 105 m/s. The gravel is found to have a service life at least three times greater than that of an equivalent thickness of compressed (at 150 kPa) tire shred.Key words: tire shreds, landfill, clogging, hydraulic conductivity, porosity, leachate collection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".