Survival benefits and divergence of predator-induced behavior between pumpkinseed sunfish ecomorphs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Resource use is widely thought to influence adaptive phenotypic divergence, whereas other ecological factors, such as predation, are frequently overlooked, particularly in studies of polyphenism in fishes. Juvenile pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) reared with predatory walleye (Sander vitreus) increase body depth and dorsal spine length, indicating that developmental responses to predation can shape phenotype. Body form responses to the same predator cues though have also evolutionarily diverged between sunfish ecomorphs that coexist in single lake populations by inhabiting either littoral or pelagic habitats, suggesting that predation risk varies between habitats. Here, we test if prior exposure to predator cues influences the development of behavior in juvenile pumpkinseed sunfish, if behavioral responses to the same predator cues vary between ecomorphs, and if induced phenotypic variation affects survival under predation. Behavior depended strongly on prior exposure to predator cues, but this effect varied between sunfish ecomorphs, indicating that ecomorphs have different responses to the same predator cues. Predator-induced phenotypes had higher survival than control phenotypes under simulated littoral but not pelagic conditions. Predator-induced phenotypic responses are candidate-inducible defenses, and divergent responses between ecomorphs suggest that they can evolve in response to selection imposed by differences in habitat-specific predation risk.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".