Increased ET-1 and Reduced ET<sub>B</sub>Receptor Expression in Uremic Hypertensive Rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The endothelin-1 (ET-1) system has been implicated in cardiovascular disease associated with chronic renal failure. We investigated the expression and localization of ET-1 and the ET(B) and ET(A) receptors in vascular and renal tissues of uremic hypertensive rats. Uremia was induced by renal artery branches ligation. At week 6, blood and renal parameters, and plasma and urine ET-1 levels were evaluated. The ET-1, and the ET(B) and ET(A) receptors expression and localization were determined by Northern and Western blotting, and by immunofluorescence, respectively. Blood pressure, serum creatinine, proteinuria, and urinary ET-1 were increased in uremic rats. The ET-1 expression was increased in the aorta, mesenteric arteries, and the renal cortex of uremic rats, whereas the ET(B) receptor expression was reduced. Immunofluorescence analysis using the thoracic aorta revealed that the endothelial ET-1 levels were increased 4-fold in uremic rats. In contrast, the ET(B) receptor expression, which was localized exclusively in the endothelium, was markedly reduced. The ET(A) receptor expression, however, was increased 1.6-fold and was detected in the media only. Similar changes in ET-1 and ET(B) receptor expression were observed in renal cortex vessels and glomeruli of uremic rats. This study reveals that ET-1 levels are augmented in the vascular endothelium of uremic rats, whereas the ET(B) receptor expression is reduced which may play a major role in hypertension and renal failure progression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".