Distributions of physonect siphonulae in the Gulf of Maine and their potential as important sources of acoustic scattering
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The distributions of siphonulae stages of physonect siphonophores were mapped in Wilkinson, Jordan, and Georges basins of the Gulf of Maine using a video plankton recorder. Siphonulae are often overlooked in net samples and our optical survey appears to be the first in situ investigation of these organisms. Siphonulae were distributed at mid-depths in narrow horizontal layers, suggesting potential control of their buoyancy. The siphonulae possessed gas-filled pneumatophores with diameters of 0.10.4 mm. Pneumatophore diameters appeared to be similar over their entire sampled depth range, suggesting that siphonulae may be capable of regulating the pressure of gas within the pneumatophore to maintain a constant volume. The dimensions of the siphonulae pneumatophores placed them near the acoustic resonance region for scattering at 43 kHz when near the surface and 120 kHz when at depth. Theoretical estimates of the acoustical target strengths of gas bubbles of sizes corresponding to the sizes of our measured pneumatophores produced relatively strong backscatter. Layers of siphonulae corresponded to regions of high acoustical backscatter at 120, 200, and 420 kHz.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".