Complementary, Holistic, and Integrative Medicine: Cranberry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1. Larissa Shamseer, BSc* 2. Sunita Vohra, MD, MSc* 1. *Complementary and Alternative Research and Education (CARE) Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada, on behalf of the American Academy of Pediatrics Provisional Section on Complementary, Holistic, and Integrative Medicine Cranberry is among the most commonly used natural health products in North America. (1) Commercial cranberry products commonly are derived from the Vaccinium oxycoccos and V macrocarpon species, which are cultivated widely across the Northern hemisphere. Seventy percent of the cranberry crop in North America is controlled by a single manufacturer. (2) Historically, cranberry fruits and leaves have been used for wound dressings, urinary disorders, diabetes, blood poisoning, diarrhea, and liver problems. (3)(4)(5) More recently, cranberry has been used to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) and dental plaque. (6) The scientific evidence regarding medicinal uses of cranberry in pediatric populations is presented in this article. ### Urinary Tract Infections A systematic review involving seven studies investigated the prophylactic use of cranberry for UTIs in individuals who had recurrent UTIs (rUTIs). (7) Overall, the review concluded that cranberry was an effective preventive measure in women who have rUTIs. Limitations due to heterogeneous study designs only allowed for the meta-analysis of two good-quality randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) on which this conclusion is based. (8)(9) Meta-analysis found that cranberry products significantly reduced the incidence of rUTIs at 12 months (relative risk, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.40 to 0.91). Two of the included studies were conducted in pediatric populations (10)(11) and are discussed separately here. The first pediatric study was a crossover RCT (11) in which 40 children ages 1 to 18 years who had neurogenic bladder managed by intermittent catheterization were randomized to receive either the intervention followed by the control or vice versa, each for 6 months. The intervention involved drinking 15 mL/kg per day of cranberry cocktail (30% cranberry concentrate), which they had to purchase; the …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".