CMOS analog sine function generator using lateral-PNP bipolar transistors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An implementation in CMOS technology of the ingenious analog sine function generator invented by Barrie Gilbert over two decades ago (Electron. Lett., vol. 13, pp. 506-508, 1977) is described in this paper. New in this circuit is the use of lateral-PNP bipolar transistors to build the core of the sine generator together with MOS transistors in the saturation region making up the rest of the circuit. Experimental results from prototypes of the circuit fabricated in 0.8 /spl mu/m CMOS technology showed that the accuracy of the produced sine is lower than that reported from implementations in bipolar and BiCMOS technologies (dos Reis Filho and Fruett, Proc. ICECS'97, 1997). The measured deviation from ideal sine over the (-/spl pi//2 to +/spl pi//2) range is less than 0.5%. Total harmonic distortion measured for a fundamental frequency at 20 kHz and the next four harmonics is approximately 1%. This circuit could be used in several applications, including the AC excitation of bridge-type sensors as a replacement for sinusoidal oscillators.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".