Peripheral Intravenous Infusion of Potassium Chloride: Effect of Solution Composition on Infusion-Site Pain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: To test the hypothesis that pain at the site of peripheral intravenous infusion is greater if potassium chloride is administered in sterile water than if it is administered in saline. Methods: A randomized, double-blind study of infusion-site pain was completed with 36 hospital inpatients with hypokalemia who required 1, 2, or 3 peripheral intravenous infusions of potassium chloride (10 mmol) in 100 mL of IV fluid. Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups and were administered potassium chloride in 1 of 3 infusion fluids: sterile water, 0.9% sodium chloride, or 0.45% sodium chloride. Patients rated the degree of pain at the injection site using a 10-point numeric rating scale before the start, at 15 min after the start, and at the end of each of the 3 infusions. Results: Baseline mean pain scores were similar for all groups. Pain scores in the sterile water group at the end of first, second, and third infusions were significantly higher than those in the 0.9% sodium chloride group (p = 0.003, p = 0.003, p = 0.043, respectively), and were also significantly higher than those in the 0.45% sodium chloride group at the end of first and second infusions only (p = 0.003, p = 0.007, respectively) There were no significant differences between the 0.9% and 0.45% sodium chloride groups. Conclusion: Peripheral intravenous infusion of potassium chloride produces significantly more pain at the infusion site when administered in sterile water than in saline. RESUME Objectif : Verifier l’hypothese selon laquelle la douleur au point de perfusion intraveineuse par voie peripherique est plus prononcee si le chlorure de potassium est administre dans de l’eau sterile plutot que dans une solution saline. Methodes : Une etude randomisee, a double insu, sur la douleur au point de perfusion a ete menee a terme aupres de 36 patients hospitalises, presentant une hypokaliemie necessitant une, deux ou trois perfusions intraveineuses par voie peripherique de chlorure de potassium (10 mmol) dans 100 mL de liquide pour perfusion intraveineuse. Les patients ont ete repartis au hasard dans l’un des trois groupes de solution pour perfusion : eau sterile, chlorure de sodium a 0,9 % ou chlorure de sodium a 0,45 %. Les patients ont evalue leur douleur au point de perfusion a l’aide d’une echelle de 1 a 10, avant le debut de chaque perfusion, a 15 minutes apres le debut de chaque perfusion et a la fin de chaque perfusion. Resultats : Les cotes moyennes initiales etaient semblables dans les trois groupes. Les cotes dans le groupe eau sterile a la fin de la premiere, de la deuxieme et de la troisieme perfusion etaient considerablement plus elevees que celles dans le groupe chlorure de sodium a 0,9 % (p = 0,003, p = 0,003, p = 0,043, respectivement), et que celles dans le groupe chlorure de sodium a 0,45 %, a la fin de la premiere et de la deuxieme perfusion (p = 0,003, p = 0,007, respectivement). On n’a observe aucune difference significative entre le groupe chlorure de sodium a 0,9 % et le groupe chlorure de sodium a 0,45 %. Conclusion : La perfusion intraveineuse par voie peripherique de chlorure de potassium est considerablement plus douloureuse au point de perfusion lorsqu’on utilise de l’eau sterile plutot qu’une solution saline.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".