Crown development of a clone of <i>Populus tremuloides</i> exhibiting "crooked" architecture and a comparison with wild-type trees
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Populus tremuloides Michx. (trembling aspen) is a tree species native to much of North America and is normally ascribed to the architectural model of Rauh, characterized by an excurrent crown structure with a central main stem and orthotropic branches. A mutant clone of trembling aspen is located near Hafford, Saskatchewan, exhibiting an architecture with crooked and twisted tree trunks. It was the objective of the present study to determine how the architectural development of the crooked clone differed from the wild type. In a study conducted over a 5-year period, four mutant trees were compared with four young wild-type aspen in the Winnipeg, Manitoba, area. Based on detailed quantitative data, it was determined that the architecture of the crooked clone of aspen differs greatly from the wild type. The trees are built by the continuous superposition of vigorous relay shoots with a mixed orientation, that is, shoots that take over the main growth of the tree, and have a more or less upright basal part and a horizontal to pendulous distal part. The development of the crookedness starts with the bending of the relay shoots, mostly in relation to the gravitational direction, which is followed in the subsequent years by various gravimorphic responses. In particular, the longest lateral shoots on a parent relay shoot occur in the middle regions, and the tip of the parent relay shoot generally loses vigour over time. The parent shoot may die back to the junction with a daughter relay shoot, causing a sharp bend at that point. Moreover, the divergence angles of relay shoots with the parent shoots were shown to be greater than in wild-type aspen, and this appears to exacerbate the crookedness. The new relay shoot may actually grow back towards the centre of the crown, opposite to the direction of growth of the parent. The results of this study demonstrate how a quantitative change in one architectural character can set in motion a series of developmental processes that result in a vastly different crown structure from the wild type.Key words: Populus tremuloides, trembling aspen, architecture, crooked clone.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".