Real-time electrochemical detection of pathogen DNA using electrostatic interaction of a redox probe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrostatic redox probes interaction has been widely rendered for DNA quantification. We have established a proof-of-principle by using the ruthenium hexaamine molecule [Ru(NH(3))(6)](3+). We have applied this method for real-time electrochemical monitoring of a loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) amplicon of target genes of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by square wave voltammetry (SWV). Ruthenium hexaamine interaction with free DNAs in solution without being immobilized onto the biochip surface enabled us to discard the time-consuming overnight probe immobilization step in DNA quantification. We have measured the changes in the cathodic current signals using screen printed low-cost biochips both in the presence and the absence of LAMP amplicons of target DNAs in the solution-phase. By using this novel probe, we successfully carried out the real-time isothermal amplification and detection in less than 30 min for S. aureus and E. coli with a sensitivity up to 30 copies μL(-1) and 20 copies μL(-1), respectively. The cathode peak height of the current was related to the extent of amplicon formation and the amount of introduced template genomic DNA. Importantly, since laborious probe immobilization is not necessary at all, and both the in vitro amplification and real-time monitoring are performed in a single polypropylene tube using a single biochip, this novel approach could avoid all potential cross-contamination in the whole procedure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".