Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction The term microwaves is used to describe electromagnetic waves with frequencies from 300 MHz to 300 GHz, corresponding to wavelengths in free space from 1 m to 1 mm. Within the microwave range, from 30 GHz to 300 GHz the wavelengths are between 1 mm and 10 mm, and hence these waves are known as millimeter waves . Below 300 MHz the spectrum of electromagnetic waves is known as the radio frequency (RF) spectrum, while above the microwave spectrum are the infrared, visible optical, ultraviolet, and x-ray spectrums. Wireless communications uses only the electromagnetic waves in the range of the microwave and RF spectrums. In the wireless communications literature, the term RF is often used to represent the entire RF and microwave spectrums. Receiver performance requirements The requirements on RF receivers are typically more demanding than those on transmitters. In addition to the requirements on gain and noise figure, the receiver must have: A good sensitivity to the minimum power at the antenna for a given BER requirement. For example, the GSM standard requires a reception dynamic range from −102 dBm to −15 dBm, IEEE 802.11g requires a reception range of −92 dBm to −20 dBm, for WCDMA it is −117 to −25 dBm (before spreading), for CDMA2000 it is −117 dBm to −30 dBm, and for WideMedia it is −80.8 dBm/MHz (or −72.4 dBm/MHz at highest speed) to -41.25 dBm/MHz. For multiple data rates, a higher data rate requires a higher sensitivity, since it requires a larger SNR. […]
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.059 | 0.039 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".