An In Situ Study of the Electrochemical Reaction of Li with Nanostructured Sn[sub 30]Co[sub 30]C[sub 40]
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The reaction of lithium with nanostructured Sn 30 Co 30 C 40 alloy prepared by mechanical attrition was studied using in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and in situ S 119 n Mössbauer effect spectroscopy. During the first discharge (insertion of Li into the alloy) of Li / Sn 30 Co 30 C 40 cells, similarities between the structures of fully lithiated Sn 30 Co 30 C 40 and lithiated Sn were observed by XRD. Both XRD patterns showed evidence for the Sn tetrahedra, with neighboring Li atoms, as found in Li 22 Sn 5 . This implies that fully lithiated Sn 30 Co 30 C 40 is composed of nanoscale regions of Li 22 Sn 5 , nanoscale Co, and lithiated disordered carbon. In situ S 119 n Mössbauer spectroscopy results were consistent with this interpretation and showed the presence of unlithiated Sn atoms at the bottom of the discharge. This observation agrees well with the fact that attrited Sn 30 Co 30 C 40 samples only reach about two-thirds of the theoretical capacity. During the first recharge, in situ results from both techniques show that Co is rebonded to the Sn atoms in the CoSn grains as Li is removed. Overall, the insertion of lithium in nanostructured Sn 30 Co 30 C 40 is believed to proceed via the following reaction where only the fully charged (left) and fully discharged (right) states are indicated: [ 132 ( 1 − z ) + 40 y ] Li + Sn 30 Co 30 C 40 ↔ ( 1 − z ) ( 6 Li 22 Sn 5 + 30 Co ) + z CoSn + 40 Li y C , where y ≈ 0.5 .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".