Phylogenetic analysis of sporadic hepatitis E virus in Eastern China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Recently, evidence for the existence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) was reported all over the mainland of China. The number of acute sporadic hepatitis E cases increased annually and small outbreaks happened more frequently, probably due to food-borne transmission. The phylogenetic characteristics of the circulating HEV worth further understanding. Methods: A total of 413 serum samples were collected from acute sporadic hepatitis E patients in 14 hospitals in Eastern China from 2005 to 2008 under informed consent. All the samples were detected with a nested RT-PCR assay for HEV RNA, and a 150-nt fragment within HEV ORF2 region was sequenced for phylogenetic analysis using Neighbor-Joining method with reference HEV sequences from the GenBank. Results: The ratio of male to female was 1.75: 1 among all the patients. The majority (61.5%) of them was 40-69 years old, with an average age of 50 ± 16 years old. 140 out of 413 (34.0%) sera were positive in HEV RNA, and all the isolates were sequenced subsequently. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all these isolates belonged to genotype-IV with much high similarities, sharing 77.9%-88.3%, 80.8%-90.6%, 73.4%-85.2% and 91.0%-95.4% nucleotide identities with prototype I (D10330, Burma; D11092, China; X98292, India; AY230202, Morocco; AY204877, Chad), II (M74506, Mexico), III (AB089824, AB189070, Japan; AY115488, Canada) and IV (AB097812, AY594199, AB108537, China) HEV strains, respectively. Those isolates could be further divided into six clusters within genotype IV, but no obvious geographical difference was observed among the clusters. Conclusion: It is evident that genotype-IV HEV had been the principle causative agent of acute sporadic HEV infection for human in Eastern China. Abstracts for SupplementInternational Journal of Infectious DiseasesVol. 14Preview Full-Text PDF Open Archive
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".