Effect of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (7-36 Amide) on Insulin-Mediated Glucose Uptake in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the insulinomimetic insulin-independent effects of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 on glucose uptake in type 1 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (480 pmol. m(-2) x min(-1)) in paired randomized studies of six women and five men with type 1 diabetes. In the course of one of the paired studies, the subjects also received GLP-1 at a dose of 1.5 pmol. kg(-1) x min(-1). The patients were 41 +/- 3 years old with a BMI of 25 +/- 1 kg/m(2). The mean duration of diabetes was 23 +/- 3 years. RESULTS: Plasma glucose was allowed to fall from a fasting level of approximately 11 mmol/l to 5.3 mmol/l in each study and thereafter was held stable at that level. Plasma insulin levels during both studies were approximately 900 pmol/l. Plasma C-peptide levels did not change during the studies. In the GLP-1 study, plasma total GLP-1 levels were elevated from the fasting level of 31 +/- 3 to 150 +/- 17 pmol/l. Plasma glucagon levels fell from the fasting levels of approximately 14 pmol/l to 9 pmol/l during both paired studies. Hepatic glucose production was suppressed during the glucose clamps in all studies. Glucose uptake was not different between the two studies ( approximately 40 micromol. kg(-1) x min(-1)). CONCLUSIONS: GLP-1 does not augment insulin-mediated glucose uptake in lean type 1 diabetic patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".