Rates and Correlates of Self-Reported Pap Testing in African-Caribbean-Black HIV-Positive Women in Ontario, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cervical dysplasia and cancer are more common and aggressive in HIV-positive women and Papanicolaou (Pap) testing allows for their earlier identification and treatment. Guidelines recommend annual screening for this population. This cross-sectional study assessed prevalence and correlates of self-reported Pap testing among African-Caribbean-Black HIV-positive women who completed an ACASI-administered questionnaire. Participants were recruited through a community health centre in Toronto, Canada. Pap testing history was assessed by a single question asking when the last test was done. Logistic regression examined correlates of Pap testing in the previous year. The 126 participating women's median age was 40 years (IQR=34-46); 53.2% were East African and 16.7% Caribbean. 69.9% and 82.1% of women had received a Pap test in the previous year and three years, respectively; 10.6% had never been tested. Age: 35-49 vs. >50 years (OR=6.7,95%,CI=1.7-25.1), being in Canada for >2 years (OR=4.6,95%,CI=1.6-13.5), having >2 sexual partners (OR=3.4,95%,CI=1.1-10.7) or having seen a family doctor within 6 months (OR=2.6,95%,CI=1.1-6.2) were significantly associated with Pap testing in the past year. In conclusion, 70% of participating women did have Pap screening in the past year. Program development to reach the 30% under-screened women should be sought; especially for the 10% who never received screening.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.016 | 0.023 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".