Bibliographic record
Abstract
Leptin is the protein product of the adipocyte ob gene. Leptin levels are related to the amount of body fat, and leptin was viewed primarily as a modulator of appetite control and energy homeostasis. However, leptin receptors have been also identified in various peripheral tissues, including in the cardiovascular system and in human coronary arteries. Although the exact role of leptin in cardiac and vascular homeostasis is still not fully understood, most clinical studies consistently support the notion of leptin as a cardiovascular risk factor, with higher leptin levels associated with worse cardiovascular prognosis. For example, two nested case-referent studies reported that leptin might be a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke.1,2 Although no association between leptin levels and coronary events was found in the Quebec Cardiovascular Study population,3 leptin was reported to be an independent predictor of coronary events (myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization) over a 5-year follow-up in the larger WOSCOPS population.4 This prospective study examined leptin's interaction with cardiovascular outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolaemic men, without a history of myocardial infarction or any other major manifestations of CAD. In addition to being predictive of outcome in the relatively low-risk WOSCOPS population, leptin was also found to have prognostic implications in higher risk patients with established and angiographically confirmed coronary atherosclerosis. Wolk et al.5 studied 382 subjects undergoing clinically indicated coronary angiography and followed up for a median of 4 years. Leptin (both unadjusted and adjusted for body mass) had a significant association with the combined endpoint of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, or revascularization. It is noteworthy that, both in the WOSCOPS study and in the study by Wolk et al., the positive relationship between leptin and cardiac events was independent of other recognized cardiovascular risk factors, including lipid levels and C-reactive protein (CRP). In fact, with both leptin and CRP in the model, CRP lost its predictive power, whereas leptin remained significantly related to cardiovascular outcome, lending further support to the concept that leptin is independently associated with risk for vascular events. Consistent with this notion, plasma leptin levels have been associated with the degree of coronary calcification in patients with type 2 diabetes, even after controlling for obesity and CRP.6
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".