Bibliographic record
Abstract
For most neurologists, the name Olszewski is associated with the 1964 seminal paper describing progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), which was co-authored with Drs John C. Steele and J. Clifford Richardson of Toronto (Steele et al., 1964). However, an earlier, important contribution by Dr Olszewski was his collaboration with Donald Baxter to produce their atlas, Cytoarchitecture of the Human Brainstem (1954). A third, revised and extended, edition of the atlas has now been provided by Professors Jean Büttner-Ennever and Anja Horn, of the University of Munich. Before describing what this new edition offers to neurologists and neuroscientists, a short historical summary of Olszewski, the evolution of his ideas and those of his successors concerning the brainstem—and especially the reticular formation—may help readers to understand how this atlas mirrors the development of current concepts in the clinical neurosciences. Jerzy (George) Olszewski grew up and attended medical school in what is now Vilnius, Lithuania and, during World War II, survived first Russian, and then German, invasions of his town by working ‘underground’ in a civilian army hospital (Baxter et al., 1987). Drawing on close, long-standing ties between academics at Vilnius and the Vogt Brain Research Institute in Germany, Olszewski was able, in 1943, to obtain a position as assistant to Oskar and Cècile Vogt. The Vogts greatly influenced him and got him started on studying the brainstem reticular formation. After the war, economic circumstance forced Olszewski to move, and Oskar Vogt wrote to Wilder Penfield, who was eventually persuaded to accept him as a fellow at Montreal Neurological Institute. In collaboration with Donald Baxter (then a research fellow, later, Director of Montreal Neurological Institute), Olszewski renewed his efforts to provide a cytoarchitectural atlas of the brainstem (especially the reticular formation) that was more detailed than any that had been produced before. Using mainly Nissl stains and light microscopy, the ‘patterns of arrangement and morphological details of nerve cells’ in the brainstem were systematically mapped. As noted by J. G. Greenfield in the foreword to the first edition: ‘… up till now, no atlas of the human brainstem has described in at all adequate fashion, either the distribution or the histological appearance of the nerve cells which constitute this [reticular] formation.’
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".