Tracing propionic acid infused to rat brain via deuterium tagging—further development of a novel rodent model of autism spectrum disorders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract MacFabe et al. have proposed a novel rat model of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) with intraventricular infusions of propionic acid (PPA), a gut bacterial metabolic end product and common food preservative, which produces reversible behavioral and electrographic effects coupled with increased oxidative stress and innate neuroinflammatory changes consistent with findings in ASD patients. PPA appears to be a potential environmental trigger linking the disparate behavioral, dietary, gut, metabolic and immune factors implicated in ASD. These previous studies used traditional immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques to examine increased oxidative stress and visualize neurons, reactive astrocytes, and activated microglia in hippocampus and adjacent external capsule white matter from coronally sectioned rat brain. As PPA is also an important metabolic intermediate of fatty acid beta oxidation, we have repeated the experiments with deuterium‐tagged PPA (DPPA) and employed ToF‐SIMS to trace the deuterium decoration of comparable brain regions ipsilateral to the DPPA infusion. In the present case of revealing DPPA‐induced changes in brain regions, ToF‐SIMS imaging of deuterium confirms the effectiveness of the methodology and the imaging results support the PPA‐triggered ASD rodent model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".