ERK is Involved in Tooth-pressure-induced Fos Expression in Vc Neurons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Discomfort and pain encountered during orthodontic treatment are major problems for patients, but the details of the underlying neural processes and molecular mechanisms are not well-understood. Here we show that noxious tooth mechanical pressure induced by orthodontic elastics resulted in a rapid and transient activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) in the trigeminal spinal subnucleus interpolaris and caudalis transition zone (Vi/Vc), trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), and upper cervical spinal cord (Vc/C2). The phosphorylated ERK (pERK) was observed in neurons but not in astroglia and microglia. Single-plane scanning analysis indicated that the pERK was localized to the nucleus of Vc neurons. In addition, the tooth mechanical pressure led to Fos expression in the pERK-positive Vc neurons that would be suppressed by intrathecal administration of an MEK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059). Taken together, these findings suggest that activation of the ERK signaling cascade following noxious mechanical pressure on the teeth regulates Fos expression in Vc neurons and may thereby contribute to pain associated with orthodontic treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".