Aberrant Expression of Collagen Triple Helix Repeat Containing 1 in Human Solid Cancers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: The collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1) is a promigratory protein first found to be expressed during rat tissue repair process. Recent preliminary results revealed CTHRC(1) mRNA in melanoma and breast cancer. However, the full significance of CTHRC1 to human carcinogenesis remains unclear. This study is to further characterize the clinical and functional relevance of CTHRC1 in melanoma and other human solid cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: First, semiquantitative immunohistochemistry analysis was done on 304 clinically annotated, paraffin-embedded biopsies representing different stages of melanoma progression. Then, short interfering RNA was used to inhibit expression of CTHRC1 protein for migration analysis on cultured melanoma cells. Finally, the CTHRC1 expression was surveyed in 310 samples representing 19 types of human solid cancers. RESULTS: In benign nevi and noninvasive melanoma biopsies, there was little CTHRC1 protein expression. In contrast, in invasive primary melanomas, there was a significant increase of CTHRC1 protein (P < 0.01, chi(2) test). There was a further increase of CTHRC1 protein in metastatic melanoma specimens compared with nonmetastatic lesions (P < 0.01, chi(2) test). In addition, inhibition of CTHRC1 expression resulted in decreased cell migration in vitro. Finally, transcription survey in 19 types of human solid cancers revealed aberrant CTHRC1 expression in 16 cancer types, especially cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, lung, breast, thyroid, ovarian, cervix, liver, and the pancreas. CONCLUSIONS: Aberrant expression of CTHRC1 is widely present in human solid cancers and seems to be associated with cancer tissue invasion and metastasis. It potentially plays important functional roles in cancer progression, perhaps by increasing cancer cell migration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".