Reproductive interactions between fugitive farmed and wild Atlantic cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) in the field
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) are being increasingly farmed in net pens adjacent to coastal populations that are currently at historic lows. One concern is that farmed escapees enter local spawning shoals and mate with wild cod. We tested for the potential of escaped farmed cod to interact and hybridize with wild fish by examining the spatial dynamics of, and associations between, fish tagged with ultrasonic transmitters. Based on these data, we also investigated the basic mating system of cod in the field. The spawning ground was best described as a lekking arena. Wild males aggregated near the seafloor and associations between individuals were frequent. Wild females had a pelagic and dispersed distribution and rarely associated with each other. Associations between individual wild males and females were also infrequent. Farmed males rarely associated with wild fish and had core usage areas above the wild males, suggesting that they were not admitted into the spawning arena. Farmed females were over the spawning arena more frequently than wild females and often associated with wild males at the depth of the spawning arena, indicating potential mating with wild males and the possibility of courtship interference. Hence, hybridization between escaped farmed and wild cod is likely.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".