Complementary, Holistic, and Integrative Medicine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1. Lawrence D. Rosen, MD* 2. Cecilia Bukutu, PhD† 3. Christopher Le† 4. Larissa Shamseer† 5. Sunita Vohra, MD, MSc† 1. *Chair, Integrative Pediatrics Council, Old Tappen, NJ 2. †Complementary and Alternative Research and Education (CARE) Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. On behalf of the American Academy of Pediatrics Provisional Section on Complementary, Holistic, and Integrative Medicine According to the Wessel criteria, infantile colic is defined as excessive crying for more than 3 hours a day at least 3 days a week for 3 weeks or more in an otherwise healthy baby. (1) As many as 26% of infants are diagnosed with colic, (2) making the condition one of the most common reasons for infant visits to primary care practitioners today. Colic is a self-limiting condition that resolves in approximately 50% of cases at about 3 months of age. (3) Due, in part, to poor understanding of its causes, (2) there is no widely accepted conventional treatment, and families often turn to complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies. (4) The largest systematic review to date of treatments for colic found little evidence to support many conventional therapies, while noting that some nutritional- and botanical-based approaches were relatively safe and effective. (5) This review of published scientific literature assesses the efficacy and safety of common CAM therapies in treating infantile colic. Natural health products have been used historically to treat infantile colic, due, in part, to presumed antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory activity. (6)(7) However, few of these products have been assessed in terms of efficacy and safety for use in infants through well-designed clinical trials. ### Fennel Seed Oil The effectiveness of fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare ) seed oil in treating infantile colic was investigated in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in Russia of 125 colicky infants between the ages of 2 and 12 weeks. (8) Infants were assigned randomly to receive 5 to 20 mL of a 0.1% fennel seed oil emulsion and 0.4% polysorbate-80 or a placebo (0.4% polysorbate-80 in water) up to four times per day for 1 week. Parents recorded symptoms in a diary for 3 weeks that included the week before, the week during, and the week after the trial. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".